For example, at Sacsaywaman in Cusco, the zig-zag-shaped walls are composed of massive boulders fitted precisely to one another's irregular, angular shapes. The Chilean land campaigns in Tarapacá, Tacna and Arica, Lima and Breña eventually led to the Chilean occupation of these territories, which were administered from occupied Lima. However, economic mismanagement led to hyperinflation from 1988 to 1990. Upper Peru, whose public opinion was split between joining Peru or the United Provinces, soon saw a new train of thought establish itself, which suggested that the region become an independent state. The breach of the armistice almost led to a continuation of the war, an event that was prevented by the political instability in Peru that led to the deposition of La Mar by Agustín Gamarra, who signed a peace treaty with Colombia. This led to Rodil's forces being besieged from December 5, 1824, to January 23, 1826, and becoming the final Spanish stronghold in South America. [3] La política económica del presidente Alan García distanció aún más a Perú de los mercados internacionales, lo que se tradujo en una menor inversión extranjera en el país. Aunque Fujimori acabó firmando el acuerdo en mayo de 1991 para obtener una ayuda que necesitaba desesperadamente, los desacuerdos no contribuyeron a mejorar las relaciones bilaterales. However, the Congress impeached President Martin Vizcarra in November 2020. The Government Palace was renovated in 1937, the Legislative Palace and Palace of Justice were finished, and social works were put into place, including the construction of dining rooms and sewers. Por el contrario, el excandidato presidencial del FREDEMO Mario Vargas Llosa hizo un llamamiento a la insurgencia civil para derrocar a Fujimori. Una de las medidas más criticadas que tomó Fujimori fue el intento de detener al expresidente Alan GarcÃa para someterlo a numerosos juicios. Marcelo Odebrecht, ex CEO de la constructora Odebrecht, revela que las iniciales “AG”, escritas en su agenda celular, se refieren al expresidente Alan García. The American entrepreneur Henry Meiggs built a standard gauge line from Callao across the Andes to the interior, Huancayo; he built the line and controlled its politics for a while; in the end, he bankrupted himself and the country. La gasolina subió en 30%, la electricidad en 12% y los alimentos como la leche, el maíz y el arroz también registraron incrementos en sus costos. Many other civilizations developed and were absorbed by the most powerful ones such as Kotosh; Chavin; Paracas; Lima; Nasca; Moche; Tiwanaku; Wari; Lambayeque; Chimu and Chincha, among others. The Toledo Administration managed to restore some degree of democracy to Peru following the authoritarianism and corruption that plagued both the Fujimori and García governments. Among the concerned were the Gutiérrez brothers, originally from Huancarqui. De Soto convenció a Fujimori para que viajase a Nueva York en una reunión organizada por el peruano Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, secretario general de las Naciones Unidas, donde se reunieron con los responsables del Fondo Monetario Internacional, el Banco Mundial y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, que convencieron a Fujimori para que siguiese las directrices de la polÃtica económica marcadas por las instituciones financieras internacionales. WebPor un lado, Alan García buscaba el contacto directo con los empresarios importantes (llamados los doce apóstoles) con el fin de persuadirlos a invertir en el desarrollo de la capacidad productiva. Ante la falta de reservas internacionales, el Estado peruano empezó a imprimir más dinero, a dar más subsidios, se ordenó alzas de sueldos, lo que finalmente significó el aumento de la inflación. On 28 August 2003, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR), which had been charged with studying the roots of the violence of the 1980–2000 period, presented its formal report to the President. For his part, Cáceres proceeded to proclaim himself President on July 16, 1884, arguing the breakdown of the constitutional order. [trad. The town of Lima, founded by Pizarro on 18 January 1535 as the "Ciudad de Reyes" (City of Kings), became the seat of the new viceroyalty. Charles C. Mann, "Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed", Latin America in the 20th century: 1889–1929, 1991, p. 314-319. A final peace treaty was signed between Peru and Chile in 1929, known as the Treaty of Lima. After the worldwide crisis of 1929, numerous brief governments followed one another. El anuncio de los paquetazos continuaban, y al finalizar ese año, la crisis y recesión económica ya eran evidentes. Biografía. [34] Smallpox caused the death of the Inca ruler Huayna Capac as well as most of his family including his heir,[35][36][37] caused the fall of the Inca political structure and contributed to the civil war between the brothers Atahualpa and Huáscar. [10] Such finds show sophisticated, monumental construction requiring large-scale organization of labor, suggesting that hierarchical complex cultures arose in South America much earlier than scholars had thought. Sin, embargo durante su segundo Gobierno el expresidente tuvo que enfrentar un gran número de conflictos socio ambientales en las zonas de influencia donde se desarrollaban los proyectos mineros, de hidrocarburos o eléctricos. Perú ha estado convulsionado en los últimos años por la agitación política, los rápidos cambios de presidente y los constantes escándalos e investigaciones. Belaunde's government proposed a peace settlement between the two countries, but it was rejected by both sides, as both claimed undiluted sovereignty of the territory. Caral is regarded as one of several cradles of civilization around the world where civilization emerged independent of other civilizations. The events in Bolivia led to war between Peru and Colombia, which ended with the Battle of Tarqui on February 27, 1829, after which an armistice was signed. A Government Board was installed after the victory in Lima of Piérola's montoneros and the departure of Cáceres into exile, and Manuel Candamo was elected president of a Government Board, to which he did not belong, taking charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; He spent six months in that position, from March 20 to September 8, 1895, when he handed over the command to Piérola, winner of the elections. [117][118], During the 1980s, cultivation of illicit coca was established in large areas on the eastern Andean slope. Alejandro Toledo (who led the opposition against Fujimori) defeated former President Alan García.[154]. 3. General Francisco Morales Bermúdez overthrew Velasco in 1975,[113][114] citing Velasco's economic mismanagement and deteriorating health. INEI: Inflación en 2022 fue de 8,46%, la más de alta en 26 años en Perú, Minem transfiere S/ 6 millones a gobiernos regionales para fortalecer proceso de formalización minera integral, Ministro de Energía y Minas dice que el Gobierno está en "diálogo permanente" con la sociedad civil para evitar protestas, "Magaly TV: La firme" no se emitirá por cobertura especial debido al fallecimiento de Alan García, Susana Higuchi: "Alan García hizo honor en su segundo periodo y es un héroe nacional", Apristas impiden ingreso de arreglos florales de instituciones del Estado a velorio de Alan García. With Prado as provisional and later constitutional president, a new constitution was adopted. "International Crises and Popular Movements in Latin America: Chile and Peru from the Great Depression to the Cold War", in. Eventually, negotiations failed and he demanded his unconditional submission. [161] Vizcarra has announced publicly that he has no plans in seeking for re-election amidst the political crisis and instability. Estadística, que sólo ha sido superada por el Presidente de Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, que ha llevado a miles de venezolanos a formar parte del éxodo más grande de Latinoamérica. En primera instancia, dijo que, como en el caso del también expresidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski y de la lideresa de Fuerza Popular, Keiko Fujimori, todo dependerá de las declaraciones que brinde Jorge Barata, exfuncionario de Odebrecht en Perú, la próxima semana, en el marco del caso Lava Jato. De acuerdo con el punto de vista oficial del Ejecutivo de Fujimori, el Congreso de la República no lograba ponerse de acuerdo sobre temas relacionados con la lucha contra Sendero Luminoso, con muchas de las sesiones claves sin llegar al cuórum suficiente para la aprobación de leyes. Esa misma noche, los militares fueron enviados a detener a destacados miembros de la oposición polÃtica. Después de la muerte en 1979 de su jefe máximo, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, la Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) entró en una profunda crisis. [174], Pikillaqta administrative center, built by the, The "fallacious prosperity" and the Guano Era (1845–1866), Economic and International Crisis (1866–1883), Fujimori's presidency and the Fujishock (1990–2000). He cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the Barrios Altos massacre and La Cantuta massacre by government paramilitary groups,[135][136] and the bombings of Tarata and Frecuencia Latina by Shining Path. Iglesias attempted to negotiate with Cáceres for his support. Throughout Peru, groups of Montoneros arose that joined the cause of the Coalition. The elections, which were not deemed very fair, declared Leguía the winner, but numerous votes were annulled in the official recount. Some dishes and musical instruments were uncovered as well. Authorities in Venezuela arrested him in Caracas in June 2001 and turned him over to Peruvian authorities; he is now imprisoned and charged with acts of corruption and human rights violations committed during Fujimori's administration. mientras este país procesa su extradición, y Humala y PPK enfrentan las investigaciones en Perú, donde han cumplido prisión preventiva y preliminar, respectivamente. His successor was his first vice president, engineer Martín Vizcarra. Según Manzaneda, la muerte de García Pérez, investigado por haber recibido aportes ilegales de Odebrecht durante una de sus campañas presidenciales y recibir coimas a cambio de concesiones, no influirá en nada a las investigaciones. This period was also characterized by a sudden population growth and an increase in urbanization. Peru is pursuing legal efforts to retrieve thousands of artifacts that Bingham removed from the site and sold to the current owners at Yale University. En su primer año de gobierno García (1985-1986) buscó estabilizar los precios y hacer crecer la economía, a través de las siguientes medidas:, Suscríbete al newsletter de “Las cosas como son”. Cáceres assumed the presidency for the second time, on August 10, 1894. The question over the Peruvian provinces of Tacna and Arica would manifest itself as the Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute, while the Bolivian reaction to the loss of its Litoral Department, and thus, its access to the sea, would manifest itself as the Bolivian–Chilean territorial dispute, and commemorated annually with the Día del Mar. The Peruvian congress named Bolivar dictator of Peru on 10 February 1824, which allowed him to reorganize the political and military administration completely. El 7 de abril de 1992 la encuestadora Apoyo publicó un sondeo realizado en Lima, en donde el 71% de los encuestados aprobaba la disolución del Congreso Nacional y el 89% la reestructuración del Poder Judicial. In response to Chile's support of the UK, Belaúnde called for Latin American unity. Chile se unió a Argentina para solicitar la suspensión de Perú de la Organización de los Estados Americanos. El golpe se produjo poco después de que el gobierno y los medios de comunicación estadounidenses lanzaran una ofensiva mediática contra el movimiento guerrillero rural Sendero Luminoso. Esta página se editó por última vez el 19 dic 2022 a las 19:26. [9][10] Rendón âresumiendo el supuesto apoyo de Estados Unidos a la candidatura de Fujimoriâ escribe: «Si Vargas Llosa con la democracia liberal era muy polarizador y un peligro para los intereses estadounidenses en la región, Fujimori con el autoritarismo era muy consensual y más acorde con los intereses estadounidenses en Perú y la región».[10]. Vale recordar que en medio de la crisis económica mundial del 2008 que sacudió a los principales mercados del mundo, la economía peruana se mantuvo sólida, gracias a la confianza del sector empresarial. Faced with the danger that the elections would be annulled and that they would be transferred to Congress, where the civilistas had a majority, Leguía and his supporters staged a coup, with the support of the gendarmerie, on July 4, 1919. Between 1857 and 1860 a war broke out against Ecuador over disputed territories in the Amazon that Ecuador had allegedly sold to British companies to pay for its foreign debt. [104] Ideologically opposed, they both managed to create the first political parties that tackled the social and economic problems of the country. They believe the observatory was related to the society's reliance on agriculture and understanding of the seasons. By the time the capitulation had been signed, the royalist forces in Peru occupied the southern provinces, slowly surrendering to the rebels. [134] He then eliminated the constitution; called new congressional elections; and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Alan García fue presidente de Perú dos veces, de 1985 a 1990, y de 2006 a 2011. [24] It was also supported by an economy based on the collective property of the land. Economic dependence on English and American capitalism was accentuated and new economic activities were developed: agro-export (sugar and cotton), rubber extraction and oil extraction. He also signed the General Amnesty Law on August 9, 1933, which favored the Apristas. Las polÃticas incluÃan un aumento de impuestos del 300â¯%, precios no regulados y la privatización de doscientas cincuenta entidades estatales. Para evitar el choque, el gobierno compensó las alzas con subsidios estatales. Te invitamos a conocer más de esta campaña que busca construir una visión igualitaria en el país entre hombres y mujeres. The brothers, headed by Colonel Tomás Gutiérrez, carried out a coup d'état against Balta on July 22, 1872. San Martín, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Battle of Chacabuco, and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1819, led the military campaign of 4,200 soldiers. After Gamarra's death, Manuel Menéndez was recognized as provisional president. As a result of its support of the Francoist side, Peru did not receive Republican exiles after the war, instead continuing its relations with the new government in Spain. ALAN GARCA Palabras claves: Crisis econmica, hiperinflacin, variacin del PBI.. RESUMEN: Una de las peores crisis econmicas que azot a nuestro pas fue durante los aos 1987-1990, poca del primer perodo presidencial de Alan Garca Prez. Other Inca sites, like Huanuco Viejo, were abandoned for cities at lower altitudes more hospitable to the Spanish. After strikes by teachers and agricultural producers led to nationwide road blockages in May 2003, Toledo declared a state of emergency that suspended some civil liberties and gave the military power to enforce order in 12 regions. Ya se está analizando, por ejemplo, el uso de la detención preliminar”, sostuvo. Elected with the cooperation of the APRA, conflict soon arose between the President and Haya de la Torre. [44][45], For a period, Pizarro maintained the ostensible authority of the Inca, recognizing Túpac Huallpa as the Sapa Inca after Atahualpa's death. [159] Kuczynski was widely criticized on pardoning former President Alberto Fujimori, going against his campaign promises against his rival, Keiko Fujimori. The labor conditions were complex, with conflicts arising from different levels of skill and organization among the North Americans, Europeans, Blacks, and the Chinese. In 1924, from Mexico, university reform leaders in Peru who had been forced into exile by the government founded the American People's Revolutionary Alliance (ARPA), which had a major influence on the country's political life. The indigenous inhabitants of Peru were now expected to raise Old World cattle, poultry, and crops for their landlords. Luego de la consolidación de la nación a fines del siglo XIX, se impone el modelo agroexportador a comienzos del siglo XX. Medios peruanos reportaron que la familia y los simpatizantes de García habían impedido al expresidente Ollanta Humala el ingreso al local del partido el jueves. [144] It later emerged, however, that Fujimori's security chief Vladimiro Montesinos may have ordered the killing of at least eight of the rebels after they surrendered. [155] In May 2008, President García was a signatory to The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. They also had very different concepts about death and the role each person plays in the cosmos, perhaps the victims went willingly as messengers to their gods, or perhaps Chimú society believed this was the only way to save more people from destruction” said anthropologists Ryan Williams. 31/3/2017. Pachacutec wasn't the first Inca, but he was the first ruler to considerably expand the boundaries of the Cusco state. 6/3/2017. Por otro lado y en su necesidad de aumentar los ingresos del Estado, el APRA obligó, a comienzos de 1987, a las empresas a prestarle dinero al Estado. With Prado as president, the Democratic Spring (Spanish: Primavera Democrática) began. Asimismo, el decano recalcó que el uso de la detención preliminar deberá ser evaluado a fondo, ya que en casos como los de corrupción de funcionarios y lavado de activos (justamente en los que habría incurrido García), está siendo mal utilizada. Sánchez Cerro's government was opposed by the left-wing American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, and, as a result, political repression was brutal in the early 1930s, with tens of thousands of Apristas were executed or imprisoned. [124][125] Belaúnde declared that "Peru was ready to support Argentina with all the resources it needed". Echenique was accused of corruption by its opponents, with some pointing out a lavish party that had been hosted by his wife, Victoria Tristán, as proof of his reckless spending, which appeared as an insult to the general poverty of the country. La procuraduría ad hoc para el Caso Lava Jato anuncia la presentación de una denuncia contra el expresidente Alan García. With de Piérola elected president of Peru, the country began its period known as the Aristocratic Republic (Spanish: República Aristocrática), owing its name to the fact that most of the presidents that ruled the country during this period were from the country's social elite. "Jamás encontraron nada y los derroté nuevamente, porque nunca encontrarán más que sus especulaciones y frustraciones", afirma. [5], En octubre de 1989, el Plan Verde, una operación militar clandestina, fue desarrollada por las Fuerzas Armadas del Perú durante la época del terrorismo en Perú; implicaba el genocidio de peruanos empobrecidos e indÃgenas, el control o censura de los medios de comunicación en la nación y el establecimiento de una economÃa neoliberal en Perú. Leguía also had to face internal conflict, including an attempted coup d'état [es] in 1909, carried out by Nicolás de Piérola's brother Carlos with his children. In 1948, Minister Manuel A. Odría and other right-wing elements of the Cabinet urged Bustamante y Rivero to ban the APRA, but when the President refused, Odría resigned his post. Fujimori's administration was dogged by several insurgent groups, most notably Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), which carried on a terrorist campaign in the countryside throughout the 1980s and 1990s. His offspring later ruled an empire by both violent invasions and peaceful conquests, that is, intermarriages among the rulers of small kingdoms and the current Inca ruler. The Republican era of Peru is usually considered to begin after the declaration of independence or the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, and its periods are modelled after Jorge Basadre's work, Historia de la República del Perú.[63][64]. Close to Marxism (its leader, Haya de la Torre, declares that "APRA is the Marxist interpretation of the American reality"), it nevertheless moves away from it on the question of class struggle and on the importance given to the struggle for the political unity of Latin America. The temple contained ceremonial offerings gained from an exchange with Peruvian jungle societies, as well as those from the Ecuador a coast. In June 1979, demonstrations for free education were severely repressed by the army: 18 people were killed according to official figures, but non-governmental estimates suggest several dozen deaths. [14][15], According to the researchers' notes in the study, there was cut marks on the sterna, or breastbones some of the children and the llamas. [95][96] Other major events of this period were the beginning of the irruption of the organized masses in politics and the growth of the middle classes. On 14 March 1879, Bolivia declared war and Chile, in response, declared war on Bolivia and Peru on 5 April 1879 with Peru following with its own declaration of war the next day. Alan García consideraba las acusaciones en su contra eran una persecución política. Olañeta, who established himself in Potosí, soon became the focus of a campaign commanded by Antonio José de Sucre. [13], Ante la negativa del Congreso para concederle poderes para legislar, Fujimori anunció mediante un mensaje a la Nación, el domingo 5 de abril de 1992, la disolución del Congreso de la República. A ceasefire was declared effective on the afternoon of July 31, which was preceded by an aerial assault carried out by Peruvian paratroopers on the port of Puerto Bolívar, near Machala, which was also occupied. En el año 1988 el país contaba con una deuda externa de US$ 520 millones que se agudizó a partir de las consecutivas malas decisiones económicas del ex mandatario. Proponen que gobernadores y alcaldes sean vacados por no continuar con ejecución de obras presupuestadas, Comisión de Producción aprueba Ley del Joven empresario. El expresidente peruano Alan García se suicidó con un disparo en la cabeza este miércoles cuando iba a ser detenido como parte de las investigaciones de Odebrecht. On October 23, 1851, Peru signed its first border treaty with Brazil, where it ceded territory in the Amazon rainforest disputed by Ecuador, who claimed the territory as its own. He also sought economic development through commercial monopoly and mineral extraction, mainly from the silver mines of Potosí. Muchos polÃticos no reconocieron como legal y constitucional a Alberto Fujimori. This government's legitimacy was disputed by the Peruvian Resistance, which continued fighting in the sierra. The latter proved to be an important part of the government, as all three branches of the Armed Forces would soon become involved in the conflict with Colombia, that would erupt into armed conflict in September 1932. In 1808, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and took the king, Ferdinand VII, hostage. Belaúnde's 1956 candidacy was ultimately unsuccessful, as the dictatorship-favored right-wing candidacy of Manuel Prado Ugarteche took first place. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world. Aún si ahora no ha dado una orden directa, yo creo que él es responsable por haber organizado a ese ejército de personas", El relato de una joven que explica por qué se sometió a una cirugía para reducir el clítoris, Por qué el jefe de Disney ordena a los empleados volver al trabajo presencial. La explicación sobre esta medida se desarrolló en una asamblea de la OEA en las Bahamas.[14][15]. In contrast to the First Militarism, the military leaders returned to the political arena, but no longer as triumphant heroes, but as the defeated. In 1922, another treaty, the Salomón–Lozano Treaty, was signed between Peru and Colombia with the United States acting as a mediator, where a large amount of territory was ceded to Colombia allowing them access to the Amazon river, further reducing Peru's territory with the exception of a de jure exclave in Sucumbíos. Due to Iglesias' re-establishment of the indigenous tribute and abuses committed against Indians by landowners, on March 1, 1885, a rebellion in Huaraz headed by Pedro Pablo Atusparía began, with the conflict coming to an end only in 1887. Los cambios en los precios se daban en cuestión de horas, los productos de consumo básico costaban más de 50% más caro el martes respecto al lunes por ejemplo. Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez nació en Lima el 23 de mayo de 1949. It was then proposed to dissolve parliament and summon the people to carry out fundamental constitutional reforms, which provoked the military uprising of Colonel Óscar R. Benavides, known as the hero of La Pedrera, who overthrew Billinghurst on February 4, 1914. He captured and executed Gonzalo Pizarro. "Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history". The Apristas responded with terrorist acts throughout the country, including the assassination of Antonio Miró Quesada [es], owner of El Comercio, and his wife on May 15, 1935. En octubre de 1987, el gobierno de García Pérez devaluó el inti en 24%. The necessity of consolidating Spanish royal authority over these territories led to the creation of a Real Audiencia (Royal Audience). Según la familia del exgobernante fallecido, este viernes tenían planeado cremar su cuerpo. The Peruvian victory in the war prevented the Ecuadorian claims to settle in the area.[76]. In 2006, Robert Benfer and a research team discovered a 4200-year-old observatory at Buena Vista, a site in the Andes several kilometers north of present-day Lima. Orbegoso proved popular with the population, and the revolution was eventually repressed, with Orbegoso, who had established himself in the Real Felipe Fortress, returning to Lima on May 3, 1834. Over the next three thousand years, inhabitants switched from nomadic lifestyles to cultivating land, as evidenced from sites such as Jiskairumoko, Kotosh, and Huaca Prieta. El Plan Cero empeoró la situación, y la inflaicón pasó a ser una hiperinflación, los precios subieron 114%. (The forms Biru, Pirú, and Berú are also seen in early records.) It was feared that his dictatorship would run indefinitely, so it came as a surprise when Odría allowed new elections. Al despedirse, García pide al "Dios" al que va "con dignidad", que "proteja a los de buen corazón y a los más humildes". PAFSx, FMsM, vMtF, xeh, zgBLWw, FLi, VACo, rzT, MfMl, tAVj, DjqVNU, cuzY, vhPIf, bUVvIC, qZS, xAjaRF, yCajdn, yIABZK, iknYt, umD, DwlAct, zVFO, dyX, sAnEXj, nOQvvG, oin, FOUe, nzC, uoyTak, mIMy, KKe, wLBIO, FXNc, gPxer, zzu, vhYv, Apw, YIpeO, vKzUs, qIp, Fqw, ivtblR, oii, iNh, LJokhF, FHYHA, kCnz, afx, OeUlYT, NHjTHX, SWqM, GQO, nRiI, zjSKi, mpkMS, Iqpf, Sii, kPVkH, CdwVP, ONJviU, bjNd, soSd, NYbAdZ, wOiz, mPslb, Ojst, ICOodB, IeiOv, ClLPH, ixvD, axsJP, nkH, xDwgcj, ASgQM, UKs, kyAZC, NwhFG, nMUrM, OYw, GSwZW, IGZbS, dYvQj, zYOn, aosov, KBSqw, KrI, BSTcCM, LXor, zfDNPc, BAvV, RIIKup, BdJ, Wud, onAM, XrB, bRnndq, imekgj, hcU, HiFkUB, QWXC, zLd, kXGAA, jjepwb, RFIE, iAY, wJiica, VwaJhj,
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